The human body is composed of an intricate network of connective tissues that work in harmony to ensure the stability and functionality of our joints. Ligaments are fibrous structures that connect bones, allowing movement while maintaining joint stability. However, in case of serious injuries, it may be necessary to operate a ligament.
For you to know the types of scenarios in which ligament surgery may be necessary, we will explain the most common causes and the types of surgical interventions that could be performed.
What are ligaments and what is their function?
First of all, it must be understood that ligaments are connective tissues composed mainly of collagen that are found in all joints of the body. Their main function is to maintain joint stability by restricting excessive or abnormal movements and facilitating controlled movements.
Among the types of ligaments we have in the body are:
- Anterior cruciate ligaments (ACL): are the knee ligaments responsible for stabilizing in forward and rotational movements.
- Collateral ligaments: provide lateral support to joints such as the knee and elbow.
- Acromioclavicular ligaments: allow articulation between the clavicle and the acromion in the shoulder.
Damage to these tissues can have significant repercussions on the patient’s quality of life, so in extreme cases, surgery is recommended.
Common causes of ligament injuries
Now, it must be taken into account that ligament injuries do not appear just because they have their reason for being and depending on their severity, the surgeon may opt for surgery. However, among the most common causes are:
1. Acute trauma
Acute injuries usually occur during sports activities, car accidents or falls. Some examples include:
- Anterior Cruciate Ligament tear or injury while playing contact sports such as soccer or skiing.
- Medial collateral ligament injuries from side impacts to the knee from a high level of physical activity.
2. Progressive degeneration
In some cases, age-related deterioration or overuse of a joint can weaken ligaments, making them more prone to rupture. For example, an athlete may be more prone to rupture of the anterior cruciate ligament.
3. Underlying medical conditions
Some pathologies, such as rheumatoid arthritis, can compromise the integrity of the ligaments and the knee joint, increasing the risk of damage in the event of an accident.
When is ligament surgery necessary?
The need for surgical intervention depends on several factors, including the severity of the injury, the symptoms and the impact on the patient’s functionality. The following are the main scenarios where surgery is usually recommended:
1. Complete tears
When a ligament is completely torn, as in the case of a torn anterior cruciate ligament, the joint may become unstable. This type of injury usually does not heal on its own, and surgery becomes an option to restore joint stability.
2. Failure of conservative treatment
In cases of partial tears or minor injuries, conservative treatment including physical therapy, medications and supportive devices may be chosen initially. If this approach does not improve symptoms and function, surgery is evaluated.
3. Significant joint instability
When a ligament injury causes instability that affects mobility and increases the risk of re-injury, surgical intervention may be necessary to reconstruct the ACL and restore motion.
4. Concomitant damage
Ligament injuries that are accompanied by meniscal, cartilage or bone damage often require surgery to address all problems comprehensively. In some cases, the attending physician may even evaluate the option of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction, for example.
5. Young, active patients
In young, physically active people, surgical repair is often the best option to ensure a return to normal activities. This is especially true for young athletes with potential for the future.
Types of ligament surgical treatments
Depending on the severity of the injury, the types of surgeries to be performed on the ligaments may also vary and among the main ones are:
1. Reconstruction
Reconstruction surgery involves replacing the damaged ligament with a graft, which may come from the patient himself (autograft) or from a donor (allograft). It is common, especially in an ACL injury.
2. Repair
In injuries where the ligament is not completely torn, suturing may be chosen as a surgical technique to promote healing.
3. Tendon transposition
In certain cases, a nearby tendon is transferred to replace the function of the injured ligament. This type of treatment is usually chosen when a graft cannot be introduced.
Recovery and rehabilitation
In case it has been necessary to operate a ligament, after the day of surgery, the rehabilitation process begins. If you want to get better as soon as possible, you have to take into account the following aspects:
- Immediately after surgery: use immobilization devices and control pain with medication and ice.
- Early rehabilitation: includes exercises to restore mobility, reduce inflammation and prevent muscle atrophy.
- Advanced rehabilitation: focuses on strengthening the joint and improving stability.
- Return to activities: most patients can return to normal activities within 6 to 12 months after surgery.
Conclusion
Operating on a ligament is a decision that must be made after a thorough evaluation of each case, considering factors such as the severity of the injury, the symptoms and the patient’s needs. Although surgical treatment may seem intimidating, it offers highly effective results in most cases, allowing you to regain function and quality of life.
Dr. Gelber, knee traumatologist in Barcelona, can evaluate your case thoroughly and work with all types of surgeries depending on your injury. The knee specialist is ready to assist you, do not wait any longer and schedule your appointment.
